Elementary school is where children first encounter public education. Teachers in this setting do not just play a role in delivering knowledge; they also play a crucial role in observing and nurturing children's lives, relationships, emotions, and social skills. Therefore, the expertise of elementary school teachers should never be lightly evaluated.
However, it is important to differentiate between two questions. First, is high expertise required for elementary school teachers? Second, does this expertise have to be cultivated only through one path, namely education colleges?
The answer to the first question is clear. High expertise is essential for elementary school teachers. However, this answer cannot directly become the answer to the second question. The fact that expertise in elementary education is important and the logic that this expertise must be monopolized through one institution are separate issues.
In South Korea, the training of elementary school teachers has been primarily operated through a single path centered around education colleges. It must be acknowledged that education colleges have accumulated expertise in elementary education. Education colleges were established as purpose-oriented teacher training institutions by the government to manage the demand and quality of elementary school teachers. Historically, they have played a certain role.
However, this role cannot be the basis for future monopolization. The problem is that the justification of "protecting expertise" has solidified over time into a closed structure of "monopolizing entry routes." While protecting expertise is a value that must be upheld, the monopoly of entry routes must be resolved.
The point being made in this article is that the expertise in elementary education should not be weakened. On the contrary, instead of narrowing the door to becoming an elementary school teacher, the qualification standards, practical training, and evaluation should be made even more rigorous. In this process, there is a need for a gradual dismantling of the education college-centered single training system.
The issue of the monopolistic structure becomes more pronounced when compared to the training system for secondary school teachers. Secondary school teachers are trained through various paths such as teacher training colleges, education courses within general universities, and education graduate schools. In contrast, the training of elementary school teachers is practically limited to teacher training colleges and some elementary education departments.
An important question arises here. If training teachers through various paths has not compromised the quality of secondary education, why is it seen as leading to a decline in the quality of education in elementary schools? In reality, in secondary education, quality management is achieved through teacher qualification and appointment procedures, even with a multi-path system. Therefore, there needs to be convincing evidence to support the argument that only a single path is necessary for elementary education.
Of course, elementary education has its own uniqueness compared to secondary education. Elementary school teachers need to integrate various subjects, have a deep understanding of child development, and require skills in life guidance. The role of homeroom teachers is much greater compared to secondary education. However, this uniqueness should be a reason to design entry standards more meticulously, not a justification to limit training paths.
Therefore, rather than adhering to the monopolistic structure centered around education colleges due to the uniqueness of elementary education, that uniqueness should be adequately reflected in the curriculum, practical training, and evaluation standards. For example, essential subjects and practical training such as elementary education theory, child development, subject teaching, classroom management, life guidance, parent counseling, and field practice should be rigorously managed. Ultimately, what is important is to emphasize that the effectiveness of teachers is demonstrated in practice, not by the university they graduated from.
The monopolistic structure results in closed-mindedness
The single training path centered around education colleges has reinforced a specific group's status under the guise of protecting the expertise of elementary education. This has led to the internal culture and group identity within the teaching community becoming increasingly homogenized in one direction. Moreover, such homogenized groups are prone to perceiving external opinions or challenges not as 'different perspectives' but as 'attacks on the entire group.' Strong homogeneity can further reinforce hierarchical order among seniors and juniors and a culture of silence within the group.
This problem is not limited to individual qualities but is a predictable outcome of a structure with a single entry point. When a structure has only one entrance, it generates predictable results. When individuals with diverse backgrounds and experiences are unable to enter the teaching profession, their internal reflective abilities weaken, and the group's defensive mindset becomes stronger.
Elementary education should be a space where children experience diversity and open perspectives of the world. If the system for nurturing such teachers becomes excessively closed, the diversity and democracy that educators aim to teach children may face limitations. For the teaching community to truly become an educational community, it must first be able to embrace diverse experiences and backgrounds.
The conflict between 'B against B' is due to the fact that teachers and parents, who should be collaborators, increasingly perceive each other as threatening. Teachers may feel like voiceless underdogs, while parents may feel that the teacher group is excluding or defending against them. This oppositional structure where both sides see themselves as underdogs is becoming more prevalent.
Of course, not all causes of these conflicts can be explained solely by the monopolistic structure of education colleges. Frequent changes in national education policies, excessive administrative tasks, imbalances in teaching authority and responsibility, and distortions in the parental complaint system are also significant factors that make teaching challenging.
However, a single teacher training path and a homogenized organizational culture can lead to conflicts escalating into group defenses rather than healthy reflections. The higher the homogeneity within an organization, the more difficult it becomes to accept criticism or challenges from the outside as opportunities for reflection. Ultimately, even minor conflicts can escalate into significant confrontations between groups.
Therefore, diversifying the training paths for elementary school teachers may not immediately solve all problems, but it can help alleviate the closed organizational culture and restore trust within the educational community.
Limitations of a single path in an era of declining school-age population
With the decline in the school-age population becoming more pronounced, the single training structure centered around education colleges is facing clear limitations. Competition rates for admission to education colleges have significantly decreased compared to the past, and there are concerns about undersubscribed quotas in some regions. However, it is important to note that the crisis facing education colleges may have been exaggerated. Education colleges are originally where students aspiring to become elementary school teachers apply, making it difficult to directly compare them with general universities.
Nevertheless, relying almost exclusively on a single institution for training elementary school teachers poses clear risks. If the school-age population decreases, quotas must also be reduced, and if the training institution is practically one, the burden of adjustment falls heavily on that specific institution. Conversely, if there is a temporary increase in demand for elementary school teachers in the future, it may be challenging to flexibly expand the supply if the training is concentrated in one institution. Ultimately, a single-path system is a structure that cannot adapt agilely to demand fluctuations.
Moreover, new models of school operation are emerging, focusing on regional integration of elementary and secondary schools, small school consolidation, and the integration of care and education. The existing system of segregating elementary and secondary education may struggle to effectively respond to such changes. Despite the continuous developmental stages of students, the teacher training system divides elementary and secondary education into two separate entities, creating barriers.
What is needed in an era of declining school-age population is a more flexible and adaptable teacher training system. To uphold public responsibility and maintain the quality of education, it is imperative to move away from the closed structure centered around education colleges and towards a more diverse and open system.
Discussion of integrating education colleges and universities is an urgent task
Discussions on reforming the teacher training system have consistently proposed ideas such as integrating education colleges and colleges of education, introducing education graduate schools, and implementing 5-year or 6-year combined undergraduate and master's programs. This goes beyond mere administrative restructuring and delves into fundamental questions of how to train teachers needed for future society.
Simply changing the name of education colleges to colleges of education without considering their expertise may not be effective. Conversely, absorbing education colleges into colleges of education without recognizing the expertise of education colleges can lead to backlash and create gaps in the education sector. What is crucial is not the label but the substance. While respecting the expertise of elementary and secondary education, the teacher training system must be designed comprehensively within a broader framework.
The assets held by education colleges must be carefully preserved. Expertise in elementary education research, field practice systems, knowledge in elementary education subjects, and educational curricula based on child understanding must be maintained and developed. However, these resources should not remain monopolized by a specific institution but should be shared and disseminated across colleges of education and education graduate schools.
It is now time to gradually dismantle the monopolistic structure of education colleges and transition to a comprehensive teacher training system that encompasses education colleges, colleges of education, and education graduate schools. Furthermore, if the role of education colleges as separate purpose-oriented institutions has outlived its time, bold restructuring such as integration or closure may be necessary.
Common subjects in colleges of education as a first step towards change
Practically, introducing common elementary education subjects in each subject's education curriculum within colleges of education would be the starting point. Each subject area such as Korean education, English education, mathematics education, social education, science education, music education, art education, and physical education could have a track or integrated course related to elementary education.
For instance, essential subjects like elementary education theory, child development, elementary subject education, classroom management, life guidance, educational psychology, parent counseling, and elementary education practice should be structured as mandatory courses. Only students who have completed a certain number of credits and passed rigorous evaluations should be granted the opportunity to obtain elementary teacher qualifications.
In particular, establishing an elementary education track within colleges of education and organizing essential subjects related to elementary education in the range of 12-18 credits could be considered. Elementary education theory should cover the history, system, and uniqueness of elementary education, while child development should delve into the cognitive, emotional, and social growth processes of children. Elementary subject education should focus on teaching methods tailored to elementary students' perspectives, and classroom management subjects should address class management, rule formation, and class culture creation practically.
Additionally, long-term field practice, teaching demonstrations, life guidance evaluations, and parent communication skills assessments must be included. A system where elementary teacher qualifications are granted only to students who have passed strict teaching aptitude and practical training evaluations should be established. General education departments and teacher training courses should also be linked to an elementary education track. Separate elementary education courses should be offered at the general university level, and elementary teacher qualifications should be granted only to students who have passed rigorous teaching aptitude and practical training evaluations. Furthermore, various options such as integrating education colleges and colleges of education and focusing on education graduate schools need to be thoroughly considered.
Expanding paths while raising standards
One common argument raised in this context is that widening paths will lower the quality of teachers. However, this argument confuses the number of 'entry paths' with the 'height of entry standards.' The quality of teachers is determined not by how many paths there are but by the qualifications, practical training, and evaluation systems applied to each path.
Even if there is only one entry path, if the verification process is not conducted properly, the quality of teachers may decrease. Conversely, even with multiple paths, if the standards are rigorous, the quality of teachers can be maintained or even improved. The policy of making elementary education subjects common in colleges of education is not about making it easier to train elementary teachers. Instead, it is about making the basic qualifications, practical training, and evaluation required to become an elementary teacher clearer and more rigorous.
To become an elementary school teacher, one must have a good understanding of child development. They should be able to teach various subjects in a way that suits elementary students' perspectives, lead a class, and provide life guidance. They should also have the ability to communicate with parents, collaborate with the local community, manage basic academic skills, respond to emotional crises, handle care, multiculturalism, digital education, and climate crisis education effectively.
All these competencies should be verified based on actual abilities rather than the university one graduated from. The idea that a graduation certificate from an education college alone guarantees all these abilities also needs to be reconsidered.
Public responsibility is realized through standards, not monopolization
Elementary education is at the core of public education. The state is responsible for ensuring the public nature and quality of elementary education and must systematically manage the training of elementary school teachers under strong public responsibility. There is a common misconception that 'public responsibility' is equated with 'monopolization by a specific institution.' However, these are entirely different concepts.
Public responsibility means that the state rigorously manages the quality of qualification standards, educational curricula, practical training, and evaluation systems, not that these processes should be exclusively entrusted to a specific institution. If the state establishes consistent qualification and evaluation standards and rigorously manages them, the quality of teachers can be sufficiently maintained even with multiple training institutions.
The monopolistic structure can actually weaken public responsibility. If only specific institutions are responsible for training elementary school teachers, it may become difficult for their internal operations and culture to undergo external evaluation and scrutiny. Conversely, if there are multiple paths and the state rigorously evaluates them based on the same standards, beneficial competition and self-reflection between training institutions become possible. Through transparent public verification rather than closed stability, professionalism can be further enhanced.
The gradual dismantling of the monopolistic structure of education colleges
Discussions on dismantling the monopolistic structure of education colleges are not about simply eliminating education colleges. It is essential to have a gradual and systematic transition to avoid confusion in elementary education. The education curriculum, teaching staff, and practical training systems of education colleges should naturally be absorbed and reorganized into colleges of education and education graduate schools.
There is no need to be fixated on preserving the name of education colleges. Rather, the expertise of elementary education must be publicly managed and developed within a broader education ecosystem. The assets in elementary education held by education colleges should be transformed into assets for the entire public education system.
For this purpose, in the short term, it is necessary to introduce elementary education common subjects in colleges of education and establish an elementary education track within colleges of education. In the medium term, colleges of education and colleges of education should jointly establish education curricula, practical training, and employment linkage systems. In the long term, a comprehensive teacher training system that integrates education colleges, colleges of education, and education graduate schools should be pursued.
In the process of change, it is challenging to forcefully merge the expertise of elementary and secondary education. Instead, the separate expertise required for elementary school teachers, such as understanding child development, integrating curriculum subjects, and classroom management skills, should be further strengthened. The crucial point is that this separate expertise should not lead to a closed university system but should be guaranteed through rigorous curriculum design and evaluation systems.
An era requiring diverse elementary teachers
Society has undergone significant changes, and the world in which children live is vastly different from the past. Challenges that need to be addressed in elementary schools, such as climate crisis, artificial intelligence, care, multiculturalism, regional decline, academic decline, emotional issues, etc., are much more complex and diverse than before. In such a rapidly changing era, sticking to a single training path for elementary school teachers is no longer in line with reality.
The expertise in elementary education should be further strengthened, not weakened. However, this expertise should be secured not through closed-mindedness but through public management of curriculum design, practical training, evaluation, and standards. What is more important than the background of the education institution is the actual ability to understand and respond to children. When teachers with diverse backgrounds and experiences interact with various perspectives, schools can become more open spaces.
The monopolistic structure of education colleges is no longer a sanctuary. Instead, it is necessary to reexamine the closed structure that has been maintained under the guise of 'stability.' There is a need to reduce the closed-mindedness brought about by the monopoly of education colleges. Rather than sacrificing expertise, the direction should be to enhance expertise more tightly and rigorously.
To achieve this, introducing common elementary education subjects in colleges of education as a first step and strengthening practical aptitude evaluations, teaching demonstrations, life guidance assessments, and parent communication skills evaluations are necessary. The teacher quota should be managed flexibly, considering the changes in the school-age population and the quality of education.
The path to becoming an elementary school teacher should be diversified, while the standards and qualifications required of teachers should be raised. Diversification of teacher training and enhancement of expertise are not contradictory but principles that must be pursued together. This is the way to move beyond the monopolistic system of education colleges, improve the closed teaching culture, and restore trust within the educational community.
In conclusion, the monopolization of education colleges can no longer be a sanctuary. It is necessary to reform the teacher training system by integrating education colleges and colleges of education, establishing a comprehensive teacher training system that includes education graduate schools, and transitioning to a broader public education framework. This is not a threat to the expertise in elementary education but a way to safeguard and enhance that expertise in a more public and open manner.
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